Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic Salmon Hatching Process

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Production Overview

Atlantic salmon is one of the most significant fish species in aquaculture, particularly in the UK. In 2020, global production of Atlantic salmon reached 2.7 million tonnes, with the UK contributing 192,000 tonnes to this total.

Survival Rates and Losses

The survival rates of Atlantic salmon from the egg stage to market are as follows:

  • Egg to Fry Stage: 60% to 80%
  • Fry to Smolt Stage: 70% to 90%
  • Overall Survival Rate from Egg to Market: 50% to 60%

Despite these figures, significant losses occur at various stages of production, particularly during the hatchery life stages.

Overall Challenges

Several factors contribute to losses in salmon production:

  • Disease Outbreaks: Bacterial and viral infections are significant threats that can rapidly decimate stocks.
  • Poor Water Quality: Issues with oxygen levels and temperature fluctuations increase stress and susceptibility to disease.
  • Predation: Hatchery life stages are particularly vulnerable to predators.
  • Genetic Factors: Certain genetic predispositions can impact survival rates and growth.
  • Nutritional Deficiencies: Poor nutrition can lead to developmental issues and weakened immune systems.

Challenges in Hatchery Life Stages

During the egg stage, Atlantic salmon face several challenges:
  • Fungal Infections: These are common and often exacerbated by poor water quality.
  • Oxygen Deprivation: Low oxygen levels can significantly impact egg viability.
  • Temperature Fluctuations: Unstable temperatures can lead to high egg mortality.
As the salmon progress to the alevin stage:
  • Yolk Sac Malformation: This issue can hinder proper feeding and growth.
In the fry stage:
  • Disease Susceptibility: Fry is highly vulnerable to infections.
  • Cannibalism: Cannibalism among fry can lead to further losses.
  • Nutritional Management: Precise nutrition is critical to ensure healthy development.

Mitigation Strategies

To mitigate these challenges, salmon farmers and hatcheries employ various strategies:

  • Disease Management:  Biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and regular health monitoring are essential.
  • Water Quality Control: Advanced filtration systems and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) help maintain optimal water conditions.
  • Nutrition: Stage-specific feed formulations and precise feeding schedules are implemented to support growth and health.
  • Genetic Improvement: Selective breeding and genomic selection enhance disease resistance and growth rates.
  • Environmental Control: Maintaining proper temperature, oxygen levels, and stocking densities is crucial.
  • Predator Prevention: Physical barriers and deterrent systems protect salmon stocks.